The prostate is a gland found in men, located under the bladder and surrounding this sac. Prostate enlargement is one of the most common diseases of the prostate gland. It is one of the most current health problems of men over 50 years of age. The disease begins to show symptoms with urinary complaints. There are frequent complaints such as urination, frequent urination at night, cut and drop urination, inability to fully empty urine. If left untreated, it can lead to ‘obstructive uropotics’ (obstruction of the urinary tract) and, over time, kidney failure. It can also be malignant prostate enlargements (prostate cancers). In order to diagnose such growths in the early period, men over the age of 40 should be examined by a urologist once a year and have a PSA examination in the blood.

There is no uniform treatment for benign prostate enlargement, it can be treated with medication or surgical intervention. Today, greenlight laser and closed method surgeries (TUR) are widely preferred in the surgical treatment of prostate growths. However, all methods should be mentioned to the patient and the treatment method should be selected taking into account the patient’s wishes.

• Urinary system stone disease is a pathological condition that affects the urinary system and has been known since 4800 BC. Kidney stones occur under normal conditions when dissolved substances in the urine collapse, forming hard puddle particles. The reason for the formation of the stone is the increased concentration of urine or the excessive presence of dissolved substances in the urine.

  In the light of the studies carried out to date, sufficient information has been provided about the chemical and physical structure of the stone and its abandonment, but despite all the advances in technology, the cause has not been fully clarified even today. Stone disease is not caused by a single cause, but as a result of events caused by a large number of complex and interrelated factors. Kidney stones are classified according to their number, location and chemical structure.

  Kidney stones are at least three times more common in men than in women. Adult males have a 20 percent lifetime risk of developing stones. This rate is between 5 and 10 percent for women. The recurrence rate in stone patients was reported as higher than 50 percent over a period of 5 years from the first stone formation. Urinary system stone disease is common in scandinavia, Mediterranean countries, Pakistan, Malaysia. Nutrition, climate and genetic factors also play a role in stone formation. Although it is difficult to establish a direct relationship between climate and stone formation, it is more detected in places where the temperature is high and in summer.

  Pain, bloody urination, fever, nausea and vomiting are among the symptoms of stone disease. Complications due to stone diseases, i.e. additional stone-related disorders, are common. Dilation (hydronephrosis) and kidney inflammation (pyyelonephritis) in the kidney pool and bowls are the main ones.

  In recent years, major advances have been made in the medical treatment of urinary tract stone disease.

• Varicocele can be defined as the expansion of the vein network around the ovaries and the escape of blood. The incidence in men is reported as 15 percent. Among infertile men, the rate is around 40 percent. Most of the cases are located on the left side alone.

  Varicocely usually manifests in patients with pain in the testicle and groin after movement. However, in some patients, no findings may be found. Patients with advanced varicose veins are referred to the physician due to the blisters formed by the enlarged vessels around the testicle. Varicocele is thought to impair the production of sperm and the quality of sperm, therefore leading to infertility. It can also lead to a reduction in atrophy and size in varicocele testicles. It is known that sperm count is lower than normal and 90 percent of these patients may develop abnormal sperm movement and deformities. Varicocelyin has also been reported to impair sperm function in 75 percent of patients. The improvement in sperm parameters following varicocely treatment appears on average around 60-70 percent.

• Undescended testicle (cryptorshidism) is a state of pause of the testicle anywhere on the normal landing path between the kidney and the scrotal (erbezi bag) field. Testicles that have not been reduced to the scrotum may remain in the groin or abdomen. Undescended testicles are detected in 3-4 percent of babies who reach the age of 1 year. This rate is around 2 per 1,000 for adults.

  The most obvious finding is that one or both testicles are not in place. In these patients, the risk of cancer is between 20 and 40 compared to normal ones. Testicular tumor develops before the age of 45 in 5 to 10 percent of patients with undescended testicles.

  The aim of the treatment is to lower the testicles in place. There are 2 ways to achieve this goal: hormonal therapy and surgical treatment. Treatment should be carried out as early as possible. Preferably before 1 year of age or around 1 year old is recommended.

• The anomaly in the form of opening the outer urinary hole somewhere on the lower surface of the penis is called ‘hypospadias’ in the medical language.

  The incidence of hypospadia is reported as 3 per 1,000 male live births or one in every 300 boys. The incidence of hypospadias in the brothers of children with hypospadias was also reported as 14 percent. The exact cause of hypospadias is not known. The degree of weight of the disease depends on the location of the hole. The farther away the urinary hole is from where it should be, the more severe the abnormality. The treatment is only surgical.